03 粮仓补给站 - 镜像源与软件安装

什么是软件仓库

软件仓库是存放软件的服务器或者网站，包含了软件包及索引文件。用户可通过包管理工具，便捷地进行 Linux 系统内的软件安装、卸载和更新。

软件仓库 - Linux 系统
应用商店 - 安卓系统
App Store - iOS 系统

软件仓库之于 Linux 系统，类似应用商店之于安卓系统，恰如 App Store 之于 iOS 系统

包管理工具

不同的 Linux 发行版有不同的包管理工具。

dpkg 适用于 Ubuntu 和 Debian

bash

# 安装 package.deb 软件包
dpkg -i package.deb

# 卸载 package 软件
dpkg -r package

apt 适用于 Ubuntu 和 Debian

bash

# 安装 package 软件包
apt-get install package

# 卸载 package 软件
apt-get remove package

rpm 适用于 RHEL、CentOS

bash

#安装 package.rpm 软件包
rpm -ivh package.rpm

#卸载 package 软件
rpm -e package

yum 适用于 CentOS 6-8

bash

# 安装 package 软件包
yum install package

# 卸载 package 软件
yum remove package

dnf 适用于 RHEL8、CentOS8

bash

# 安装 package 软件包
dnf install package

# 卸载 package 软件
dnf remove package

Linux 系统软件安装

软件仓库原理

f39999fb-6065-43c6-91a5-8484711f923d

用户发送 yum 安装指令后，首先会在本地服务器上进行查找，如果有对应的安装包且所需的依赖文件均存在，则进行安装；
若不存在所需的安装包文件，则根据 yum repository 信息在远程 yum 服务器上进行下载该软件包及其依赖后安装；
若远程 yum 服务器无所需的安装包，则提示无该软件。

RPM 与软件仓库的作用

RPM 是通过将源代码与安装规则打包在一起，降低了单个软件的安装难度。
而 Yum 与 DNF 软件仓库则是将大量常用的 RPM 软件包打包到一起，解决了软件包之间的依赖关系，这进一步降低了软件的整体安装难度。

常用的 RPM 软件包命令

常用命令搭配	功能作用
`rpm -ivh filename.rpm`	安装软件
`rpm -Uvh filename.rpm`	升级软件
`rpm -e filename.rpm`	卸载软件
`rpm -qpi filename.rpm`	查询软件描述信息
`rpm -qpl filename.rpm`	查询软件文件信息
`rpm -qc filename`	查询软件配置文件
`rpm -qR filename`	查询软件依赖关系
`rpm -qf filename`	查询文件属于哪个 RPM
`rpm -V filename`	验证软件包是否被修改
`rpm -qa`	查询所有已安装的软件

常见的 Yum 命令

命令	作用
`yum repolist all`	列出所有仓库
`yum list all`	列出仓库中所有软件包
`yum info 软件包名称`	查看软件包信息
`yum install 软件包名称`	安装软件包
`yum reinstall 软件包名称`	重新安装软件包
`yum update 软件包名称`	升级软件包
`yum remove 软件包名称`	移除软件包
`yum clean all`	清除所有仓库缓存
`yum check-update`	检查可更新的软件包
`yum grouplist`	查看系统中已经安装的软件包组
`yum groupinstall 软件包组`	安装指定的软件包组
`yum groupremove 软件包组`	移除指定的软件包组
`yum groupinfo 软件包组`	查询指定的软件包组信息

CentOS 安装 tmux

bash

yum install tmux # 安装 tmux 软件，需进一步确认
yum install tmux -y # 确认安装 tmux 软件
yum list installed # 查看已安装的所有软件包
yum remove tmux # 卸载 tmux 软件，需进一步确认
yum remove tmux -y # 确认卸载 tmux 软件
yum provides tmux # 检索提供 tmux 指令的软件包
yum search tmux # 查找名称及其简介中包含 tmux 信息的软件包

注意

不同的 Linux 发行版进行软件安装需要用到不同的指令，请根据实际使用的 Linux 发行版选择合适的指令。

镜像源

以 CentOS 为例，默认软件仓库配置为：

bash

➜  ~ cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Stream-AppStream.repo
# CentOS-Stream-AppStream.repo
#
# The mirrorlist system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick current mirrors that are geographically
# close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates unless you are
# manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist does not work for you, you can try the commented out
# baseurl line instead.

[appstream]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - AppStream
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$stream&arch=$basearch&repo=AppStream&infra=$infra
baseurl=http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/$contentdir/$stream/AppStream/$basearch/os/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
exclude=cloud-init

➜  ~ cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Stream-BaseOS.repo
# CentOS-Stream-BaseOS.repo
#
# The mirrorlist system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick current mirrors that are geographically
# close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates unless you are
# manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist does not work for you, you can try the commented out
# baseurl line instead.

[baseos]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - BaseOS
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$stream&arch=$basearch&repo=BaseOS&infra=$infra
baseurl=http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/$contentdir/$stream/BaseOS/$basearch/os/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial

即首先需要访问 mirrorlist.centos.org 网站并解析镜像仓库，则意味着每次下载程序需要绕大半个地球，如果国内有一个软件仓库，定期与国际主流的软件仓库同步，则可以大大提高下载速度。

清华大学镜像源 - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/centos/
阿里云镜像源 - https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror
腾讯云镜像源 - http://mirrors.tencent.com/
华为云镜像源 - https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/
校园网联合镜像 - https://mirrors.cernet.edu.cn/

使用国内镜像源

bash

cat <<'EOF' > /tmp/update_mirror.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;
use warnings;
use autodie;

my $mirrors = 'https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream';

if (@ARGV < 1) {
    die "Usage: $0 <filename1> <filename2> ...\n";
}

while (my $filename = shift @ARGV) {
    my $backup_filename = $filename . '.bak';
    rename $filename, $backup_filename;

    open my $input, "<", $backup_filename;
    open my $output, ">", $filename;

    while (<$input>) {
        s/^metalink/# metalink/;

        if (m/^name/) {
            my (undef, $repo, $arch) = split /-/;
            $repo =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;
            ($arch = defined $arch ? lc($arch) : '') =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;

            if ($repo =~ /^Extras/) {
                $_ .= "baseurl=${mirrors}/SIGs/\$releasever-stream/extras" . ($arch eq 'source' ? "/${arch}/" : "/\$basearch/") . "extras-common\n";
            } else {
                $_ .= "baseurl=${mirrors}/\$releasever-stream/$repo" . ($arch eq 'source' ? "/" : "/\$basearch/") . ($arch ne '' ? "${arch}/tree/" : "os") . "\n";
            }
        }

        print $output $_;
    }
}
EOF

在命令行中使用以下命令来执行它：

bash

sudo perl /tmp/update_mirror.pl /etc/yum.repos.d/centos*.repo

注意将 /tmp/update_mirror.pl 替换为脚本实际保存的路径。其中的 * 通配符，如果只需要替换一些文件中的源，请自行增删。

另外，请确保已经安装了 Perl 解释器，并将 perl 命令添加到系统的 PATH 环境变量中。这样才能在命令行中运行 Perl 脚本。

对于大部分 CentOS Stream 9 镜像，应该已经包含了 Perl 解释器，如果你的镜像没有包含，你可以使用以下命令简单的安装：

bash

# 使用 dnf
sudo dnf install perl

# 使用 yum
sudo yum install perl

最后，更新软件包缓存

bash

# 使用 dnf
sudo dnf clean all && sudo dnf makecache

# 使用 yum
sudo yum clean all && sudo yum makecache

修改结果

centos.repo

bash

cat <<'EOF' > /etc/yum.repos.d/centos.repo
[baseos]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - BaseOS
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/BaseOS/$basearch/os
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-baseos-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
countme=1
enabled=1

[baseos-debuginfo]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - BaseOS - Debug
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/BaseOS/$basearch/debug/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-baseos-debug-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[baseos-source]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - BaseOS - Source
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/BaseOS/source/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-baseos-source-$stream&arch=source&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[appstream]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - AppStream
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/AppStream/$basearch/os
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-appstream-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
countme=1
enabled=1

[appstream-debuginfo]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - AppStream - Debug
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/AppStream/$basearch/debug/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-appstream-debug-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[appstream-source]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - AppStream - Source
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/AppStream/source/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-appstream-source-$stream&arch=source&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[crb]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - CRB
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/CRB/$basearch/os
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-crb-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
countme=1
enabled=1

[crb-debuginfo]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - CRB - Debug
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/CRB/$basearch/debug/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-crb-debug-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[crb-source]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - CRB - Source
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/CRB/source/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-crb-source-$stream&arch=source&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0
EOF

centos-addons.repo

bash

cat <<'EOF' > /etc/yum.repos.d/centos-addons.repo
[highavailability]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - HighAvailability
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/HighAvailability/$basearch/os
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-highavailability-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
countme=1
enabled=0

[highavailability-debuginfo]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - HighAvailability - Debug
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/HighAvailability/$basearch/debug/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-highavailability-debug-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[highavailability-source]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - HighAvailability - Source
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/HighAvailability/source/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-highavailability-source-$stream&arch=source&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[nfv]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - NFV
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/NFV/$basearch/os
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-nfv-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
countme=1
enabled=0

[nfv-debuginfo]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - NFV - Debug
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/NFV/$basearch/debug/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-nfv-debug-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[nfv-source]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - NFV - Source
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/NFV/source/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-nfv-source-$stream&arch=source&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[rt]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - RT
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/RT/$basearch/os
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-rt-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
countme=1
enabled=0

[rt-debuginfo]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - RT - Debug
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/RT/$basearch/debug/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-rt-debug-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[rt-source]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - RT - Source
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/RT/source/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-rt-source-$stream&arch=source&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[resilientstorage]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - ResilientStorage
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/ResilientStorage/$basearch/os
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-resilientstorage-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
countme=1
enabled=0

[resilientstorage-debuginfo]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - ResilientStorage - Debug
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/ResilientStorage/$basearch/debug/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-resilientstorage-debug-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[resilientstorage-source]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - ResilientStorage - Source
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/$releasever-stream/ResilientStorage/source/tree/
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-resilientstorage-source-$stream&arch=source&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0

[extras-common]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - Extras packages
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/SIGs/$releasever-stream/extras/$basearch/extras-common
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-extras-sig-extras-common-$stream&arch=$basearch&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-SIG-Extras-SHA512
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
countme=1
enabled=1

[extras-common-source]
name=CentOS Stream $releasever - Extras packages - Source
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos-stream/SIGs/$releasever-stream/extras/source/extras-common
# metalink=https://mirrors.centos.org/metalink?repo=centos-extras-sig-extras-common-source-$stream&arch=source&protocol=https,http
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-SIG-Extras-SHA512
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=0
metadata_expire=6h
enabled=0
EOF

参考文档

CentOS Stream 软件仓库镜像使用帮助 - MirrorZ Help

03 粮仓补给站 - 镜像源与软件安装 ​

什么是软件仓库 ​

包管理工具 ​

dpkg 适用于 Ubuntu 和 Debian ​

apt 适用于 Ubuntu 和 Debian ​

rpm 适用于 RHEL、CentOS ​

yum 适用于 CentOS 6-8 ​

dnf 适用于 RHEL8、CentOS8 ​

Linux 系统软件安装 ​

软件仓库原理 ​

常用的 RPM 软件包命令 ​

常见的 Yum 命令 ​

CentOS 安装 tmux ​

镜像源 ​

使用国内镜像源 ​

修改结果 ​

centos.repo ​

centos-addons.repo ​

参考文档 ​

03 粮仓补给站 - 镜像源与软件安装

什么是软件仓库

包管理工具

dpkg 适用于 Ubuntu 和 Debian

apt 适用于 Ubuntu 和 Debian

rpm 适用于 RHEL、CentOS

yum 适用于 CentOS 6-8

dnf 适用于 RHEL8、CentOS8

Linux 系统软件安装

软件仓库原理

常用的 RPM 软件包命令

常见的 Yum 命令

CentOS 安装 tmux

镜像源

使用国内镜像源

修改结果

centos.repo

centos-addons.repo

参考文档